Utilitarianism

*Lord of the Flies* by William Golding is a classic novel that explores the darker side of human nature through the story of a group of boys stranded on a deserted island. As they attempt to govern themselves and form a society, their initial attempts at order quickly devolve into chaos, savagery, and violence. The boys' descent into brutality is symbolized through the conflict between two leaders: Ralph, who strives for civilization and rescue, and Jack, who embraces the primal instincts of power and control. The novel examines themes of civilization vs. barbarism, the loss of innocence, and the inherent violence within humanity. Through its stark portrayal of how quickly societal norms can break down, *Lord of the Flies* serves as a powerful critique of human nature and the fragility of social order.

*No Longer Human* by Osamu Dazai is a deeply emotional and introspective novel that explores themes of alienation, identity, and the human condition. The story is told through the eyes of Ōba Yōzō, a man who feels completely disconnected from society, unable to understand or relate to those around him. His inner turmoil is depicted in a series of journals and letters, which chart his struggles with self-worth, mental health, and his inability to conform to societal expectations. As Yōzō experiences a series of failed relationships, personal crises, and self-destructive behaviors, the novel delves into his sense of isolation and despair. *No Longer Human* is often seen as a modern existential classic, offering a stark and poignant look at the fragility of the human psyche. Dazai's work is considered a masterpiece of Japanese literature, blending psychological depth with philosophical reflections on what it means to be "human" in a world that often feels incomprehensible and alienating.

*The Reluctant Fundamentalist* by Mohsin Hamid is a thought-provoking, suspenseful novel that explores themes of identity, cultural conflict, and the complexities of post-9/11 world politics. The story is narrated by Changez, a young Pakistani man who moves to the United States to attend Princeton University and later works at a prestigious financial firm in New York. Initially drawn to the American dream, Changez’s life begins to unravel after the 9/11 attacks, as his sense of identity is challenged and he grapples with increasing alienation. The novel is structured as a conversation between Changez and an American stranger in a Lahore café, creating a tense, one-sided narrative that explores Changez’s transformation from an ambitious, assimilated professional into someone disillusioned with both the West and his own country’s role in global politics. With its exploration of personal and political identity, *The Reluctant Fundamentalist* raises important questions about nationalism, the effects of globalization, and the complexities of cultural belonging.

*Yellowface* by R.F. Kuang is a provocative and timely novel that explores themes of racism, cultural appropriation, and identity in the publishing world. The story centers on June Hayward, a struggling white writer who steals the manuscript of a deceased Chinese-American author, Athena Liu, and publishes it under her own name. As June rises to fame with the stolen work, she grapples with the ethical and moral consequences of her actions, all while navigating the competitive and exploitative nature of the literary industry. The novel sheds light on issues of representation, privilege, and the complex dynamics of race in both the arts and society. With its biting satire and exploration of identity politics, *Yellowface* challenges readers to confront uncomfortable truths about appropriation and the erasure of marginalized voices in mainstream culture.